Как называется лыжный спорт:  Виды лыжного спорта: классификация и характеристики

Лыжный спорт. Виды и особенности. Плюсы и минусы. Начинающим

Лыжный спорт пользуется большой популярностью. Все, кто им занимается, ставят перед собой разные цели: один стремится к титулу чемпиона, другой хочет развить выносливость и силу, третий намерен сбросить лишний вес, а четвертый — укрепить силу воли. И каждый может достичь того, к чему стремится. Главное — регулярные и упорные тренировки.

История лыжного спорта

Возникновение лыж закономерно связано с условиями проживания человека. Там, где были снег и мороз, люди изобретали первые прототипы современных лыж. Первоначально они были ступающие. Самый древний экземпляр был изготовлен примерно 4300 лет назад.

Скользящие лыжи появились в VI-VII вв. в Финляндии и Голландии. Они применялись на охоте и в быту. Монаршие особы использовали лыжи для развлечения, ходьбе на лыжах в обязательном порядке обучались придворные особы.

А вот лыжный спорт зародился в Норвегии, где с 1733 г. лыжная подготовка стала обязательной для военнослужащих. Первые соревнования состоялись в 1767 г. В них вошли все современные дисциплины (по правилам того времени): биатлон, слалом, гонка и скоростной спуск.

С 1877 г. стали открываться спортивные общества и клубы любителей лыжного спорта: сначала в Финляндии, а затем в остальных государствах. Лыжные состязания становились частью народных гуляний. А в конце 19 в. лыжи выделились в спортивную дисциплину, состязания по которой стали проводиться на всем земном шаре.

В состав Олимпиады лыжный спорт вошел с первого дня ее истории — с I-х Зимних Олимпийских игр во Франции. Спортсмены состязались в лыжной гонке на 18 и 50 км, прыжках с трамплина и двоеборье.

Польза лыжного спорта

Его влияние на здоровье и характер происходит по трем направлениям:

1. Оздоровительное. Ходьба, бег и прыжки на лыжах благоприятно воздействуют на организм, а интенсивные нагрузки повышают силу и выносливость.
2. Воспитательное. Занятия лыжным спортом развивают силу воли, дисциплину, выдержку и другие важные личностные качества человека.
3. Прикладное. Лыжи применяются человеком для оздоровления, а также в трудовой деятельности и в повседневной жизни.

Лыжный спорт и здоровье

Лыжные тренировки оказывают всестороннее положительное воздействие на организм человека. С одной стороны, это обусловлено включением в работу почти всех групп мышц, а с другой — нахождением на свежем воздухе. А щадящие нагрузки делают лыжный спорт доступным для людей любого возраста — от малых детей до пенсионеров.

К основным преимуществам лыжных тренировок можно отнести:

1. Укрепление иммунитета за счет длительного нахождения на морозном воздухе, аналогичного закаливанию.
2. Тренировку сердца и сосудов за счет кардионагрузки при ходьбе и беге на лыжах.
3. Избавление от бессонницы, депрессии, нормализация работы нервной системы, борьба со стрессом.
4. Вентиляцию легких, сопровождающуюся увеличением объема проникающего в кровь кислорода.
5. Избавление от лишних килограммов и укрепление мускулатуры.

Противопоказания

Как и любой вид физической активности, лыжный спорт имеет свои противопоказания. Так, не стоит заниматься лыжами при:

1. Наличии патологий сердца, сосудов и дыхательной системы.
2. Вынашивании ребенка.
3. Склонности к простудным заболеваниям.
4. Болезнях суставов.
5. Недавних травмах и хирургических вмешательствах.

Кроме того, нередким явлением при занятиях лыжами являются травмы. Они возможны вследствие нарушения техники безопасности, некачественного или неграмотно подобранного инвентаря, катания по неприспособленным дорогам, а также нередки на начальных этапах тренировок.

Виды лыжного спорта

Лыжный спорт объединяет порядка 20 дисциплин, многие из которых вошли в программу Олимпиады.

Их можно объединить в 5 особенно важных групп:

1. Лыжные гонки. Самая распространенная, можно сказать, классическая дисциплина. Гонки проходят на разнообразных дистанциях в форме спринта (в том числе командного), гонки преследования, эстафет.
2. Горнолыжный. Спуск на скорости относится к экстремальным дисциплинам. Он имеет определенный маршрут, для обозначения которого устанавливаются специальные ворота. Протяженность дистанции составляет 3 км и более. К горнолыжному спорту относится слалом — спуск с горного склона, оборудованного препятствиями. Его разновидностями выступают супер-гигант и слалом-гигант.
3. Прыжки с трамплина. Это профессиональная дисциплина, в которой используются вид особых лыж, позволяющих при отрыве от земли управлять полетом. Их называют лыжи-крылья. В прыжках с трамплина необходимр красиво пролететь не менее 100 м. и приземлиться, не упав. Сочетание гонки и прыжков с трамплина получило название лыжное двоеборье.
4. Сноубординг — выполнение упражнений с использованием одной лыжи. Подразделяется на ряд дисциплин: гигантский и параллельный слалом, сноуборд-кросс и другие.
5. Фристайл. Переводится как «свободное катание» и включает группу программ. Так, акробатика предполагает выполнение трюков в воздухе после прыжка с трамплина. Могул — спуск по склону с множеством бугров. Ски-кросс — преодоление на время трассы в 1,2 км, насыщенной преградами и переменами высот.

Как заняться лыжным спортом

Тем, кто решил вступить в ряды лыжников, следует знать наиболее важные отправные моменты:

• Неправильно подобранные снаряжение и оборудование влекут за собой возникновение травм. Особенно это касается лыж — главного оборудования спортсменов. Выбираются они с учетом роста лыжника. Важно также помнить, что для каждого подвида лыжного спорта предусмотрен определенный тип лыж. Одежда для тренировок должна отвечать двум главным требованиям: не ограничивать движений и не пропускать тепло.
• Перед тем, как приступить к занятиям, следует обследоваться на наличие противопоказаний и получить консультацию специалиста.
• Тренироваться следует по принципу увеличения нагрузок, то есть начинать с самых малых. Первые занятия рекомендуется провести под руководством опытного тренера.
• Для езды нужно выбирать только подготовленные трассы.
• Тем, кто ставит целью профессиональный спорт и большие достижения, лучше начинать обучение в специальных школах по утвержденным программам.

Интересные факты и легенды лыжного спорта

• Лыжи — одно из древнейших человеческих изобретений. Их история начинается в те времена, когда одеждой людям служили звериные шкуры.
• Занятия на лыжах — оптимальный вариант для тех, кто стремится избавиться от лишних килограмм, поскольку за один час занятий сжигается порядка 350-400 ккал.
• У древних скандинавов лыжный спорт признавался священным, и у него был свой покровитель — бог по имени Уллом.
• В 1924 г., когда лыжные дисциплины впервые были включены в программу Олимпийских игр, почти все медали достались сборной Норвегии.
• Длина самых первых спортивных лыж составляла 3 м.
• В Швейцарии первопроходцем лыжного спорта стал Артур Конан Дойль.
• Лыжником с самым большим числом титулов признан Бьорн Дэли. На его счету 6 Кубков мира и 8 золотых медалей, завоеванных на Всемирных Играх.
• Основоположником сноуборда признается Трэвис Райс. Именно он задал основы для последующего становления этой дисциплины.
• Одним из известнейших горнолыжников стал австриец Тони Зайлер — один из 3-х абсолютных чемпионов мира и семикратный чемпион среди мужчин.

Похожие темы:

Олимпийские дисциплины в лыжном спорте

Лыжные гонки

Лыжные гонки — соревнования на беговых лыжах по специально подготовленным трассам на время. Сложность трасс классифицируется и зависит не только от дистанции, но и от перепадов высот (спуски, подъемы) и от высоты трассы над уровнем моря.

Классические дистанции: у мужчин — индивидуальные гонки на 10, 15, 30 и 50 км, а также эстафета 4×10 км; у женщин — индивидуальные гонки на 5, 10, 15, 30 км, а также эстафета 4×5 км.

Кроме того, существуют марафоны и сверхмарафоны с более длинными дистанциями.

Лыжные гонки стали входить в программу Олимпийских игр, начиная с 1924 года.

Что касается техник катания, то с 80-х годов прошлого века к классическому ходу добавился «коньковый» или свободный ход, в связи с этим появились новые виды гонок, например «гонки преследования». В них очередность старта определяется накануне, и первый этап проходит классическим стилем, а второй «коньковым». В эстафетах преследования первые два этапа проходят классическим стилем, третий и четвертый — свободным стилем.

Лыжное двоеборье

В лыжном двоеборье участвуют только мужчины. Этот вид лыжного спорта включает в себя гонку и прыжок с трамплина.

Соревнование проходит в 2 этапа: в первый день прыжки с 90-метрового трамплина, во второй день гонки на 15 км. При прыжках зарабатываются баллы, которые конвертируются в секунды; в гонке лыжники стартуют одновременно, но каждый со своей позиции согласно заработанным очкам. Побеждает тот, кто первый добежит до финиша.

В лыжном двоеборье существуют не только индивидуальные, но и командные соревнования. Гонки в них проводятся по формуле 3х10 км.

С 1999 года появился еще один подвид многоборья — спринт. Как понятно из названия, он проходит по ускоренной программе, т.е. за один день: сначала прыжки, затем буквально через час начинается гонка на 7,5 км.

Лыжное двоеборье вошло в программу Олимпийских игр с 1924 года.

Прыжки с трамплина

В этом виде спорта также участвуют только мужчины. Соревнования происходят с двумя попытками на трамплине средней высоты 90 метров и большой высоты 120 метров. Жюри оценивает прыжки по 20-ти балльной системе по двум критериям: дальности полета и чистоты исполнения.

По мере развития этого вида спорта к индивидуальным прыжкам добавились командные.

Длина самих трамплинов также менялась: первоначально она была 70 метров, затем выросла до максимальной 120 метров. К тому же существуют специальные конструкции, так называемые «летные» трамплины, позволяющие прыгать на несколько сотен метров.

Горнолыжный спорт

Горнолыжный спорт состоит из 4-х основных дисциплин: скоростного спуска, специального слалома, гигантского слалома и супергиганта. Из них скоростной (свободный) спуск и супергигантский слалом это скоростные виды, а специальный и гигантский слаломы — технические дисциплины. Кроме того, существуют соревнования-многоборья, состоящие из комбинаций этих дисциплин.

Длина трасс в скоростном спуске — 2000-3500 м, число ворот — 15-25; длина трасс в слаломе — 450-500 м, число ворот для женщин — 50-55, для мужчин — 60-75; длина трассы в слаломе-гиганте до 2000 м, число ворот 50-75; длина трассы в супергиганте — до 2500 м.

Соревнования проводятся и среди женщин и среди мужчин. Входят в программу Олимпийских Игр с 1936 года.

Фристайл

Фристайл или свободный стиль вошел в Олимпийскую программу относительно недавно. Среди подвидов фристайла «могул» самый старый. Жюри оценивает в соревнованиях по могулу или езде по буграм не только техническое исполнение, но и время прохода. В остальных видах фристайла — «биг эйре», «халф пайпе», «слоупстайле» очки засчитываются как за чистоту и технику исполнения, так и за количество и разнообразие выполняемых прыжков и других фигур.

Сноубординг

Сноубординг это вид спорта, в котором спортсмен катится по склону на одной доске с креплениями, устанавливаемыми поперек нее.

В Олимпийскую программу входят два вида соревнований по сноубордингу: одно из них происходит на горном склоне: это слалом и гигантский слалом. Для второго требуется особое сооружение: это состязание «халф пайп» по аналогии с лыжами.

Биатлон

Биатлон — это лыжная гонка на равнинных лыжах с винтовкой в сочетании с остановками для стрельбы по мишеням на специально оборудованном стрельбище — огневом рубеже. При подведении итогов соревнований учитывают два показателя:

1. общее время лыжной гонки на установленную дистанцию, включая временные затраты на стрельбу;
2. результат стрельбы — штрафные санкции за промахи в виде штрафного времени или дополнительного штрафного круга.

Этот вид спорта претерпевал значительные изменения в своем развитии. С 1968 г. на олимпийских играх программу расширили введением эстафеты 4×7,5 км, а затем (в 1974 г. на чемпионате мира и 1980 г. на олимпийских играх) спринтерские гонки на 10 км. В этих же дисциплинах стрельбу ведут на двух рубежах из положения лежа и стоя. Причем в эстафете на каждом рубеже на поражение пяти мишеней можно использовать восемь патронов. Каждый промах компенсируется прохождением дополнительного штрафного круга 150 м. С 1986 г. на всех дистанциях используют свободный стиль.

Популярность биатлона в мире значительно возросла после 1978 г., когда боевое оружие заменили на малокалиберную винтовку (5,6 мм), дистанцию стрельбы уменьшили до 50 м, отменили 2-минутный штраф, установили размер мишеней — 4 см при стрельбе лежа и 11 см при стрельбе стоя (по диаметру).

90000 Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 90001 90002 A skier at curving in Stubaier Alps. 90003 90004 Skiing 90005 is either sportive or recreational activity using 90006 skis 90007 for sliding over snow. Skis are used with special boots connected to them with a 90006 binding 90007. There are two different types of skiing: downhill skiing and cross country skiing. 90010 90003 90004 Downhill skiing 90005 is a sport. Skiers ski down a trail (also called a «run») on the side of a mountain or hill.Each trail is marked with a sign that shows how difficult that particular run will be. Three different colors are used to rate the difficulty of the trail. They are: green, blue, and black. Green trails are easiest, blue trails are more difficult, and black trails are rated most difficult. The colors which represent a trail will also be seen in a shape. 90010 90003 The most common ratings for trails are: 90010 90017 90018 Green circles are the easiest trail. They have a very shallow slope, and the runs are very smooth.They are very wide, and are easily accessed. They are used by beginner skiers to learn. 90019 90018 Blue square trails are more difficult. The trail will go down a steeper part of the mountain. Sometimes, the trails are narrower, and they may be bumpy. These are advised for beginner skiers wishing to improve. 90019 90018 Red trails are more difficult. The trail is often longer and steeper and sometimes are less smooth than other runs. These are advised for more advanced skiers. Red trails are rare.Different ski resorts call them different things, such as double blue square trails. 90019 90018 Black diamonds are very difficult trails on the mountain. They are often covered in ice or large bumps designed often to challenge skiers. These are advised for very good skiers only. 90019 90018 Double black diamonds are for expert skiers only. They may have unmarked obstacles and may be very thin runs. They sometimes have to be accessed by hiking up to them, being too steep, rocky, or unused to put in a lift.90019 90018 Rarely, there are extreme terrain trails, represented by two black diamonds, one with an E and the other with an X in the center. These are almost always accessed by hiking, and are for expert, extremely experienced skiers ONLY. 90019 90018 There are also terrain parks for skiers who want to person stunts and tricks. It consist of tubes, flip courses, and obstacles. 90019 90032 90003 Trail ratings are often relative to the rest of the terrain at the ski resort- for example, the difficulty of a black diamond trail at a small ski area may be a rated as a blue square at a bigger resort with harder trails.90010 90035 USA skier Scott Meyer skis between ski gates 90003 Cross country skiing is a sport of endurance. Skiers ski anywhere where there is snow. This is usually through a scenic forest or town. 90010 90003 Alpine skiing is a contest of speed. Racers go through the course with red and blue gates and go down to the goal as fast as they can. There are four disciplines in alpine skiing: downhill, super giant slalom, giant slalom and slalom. 90010 90040 A skier goes through a ski gate 90003 A 90004 ski gate 90005 is two sticks on a skiing race course that a skier needs to pass between.Ski gates are used in alpine skiing in downhill, Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-G races. Downhill races have not many ski gates so skiers can be safe when they are going very fast. 90044 [1] 90045 If a skier does not go between a ski gate, the judges say are removed from the race. 90044 [2] 90045 First in the 1980s and now a lot of the time, ski gates have hinges near the snow. 90044 [1] 90045 Some ski gates have flags at the top of the stick. 90044 [2] 90045 90010 90053 90054 90055 90056 90057 90058 90056 Wikimedia Commons has media related to 90006 90004 Skiing 90005 90007.90058 90065 90066 90067 .90000 Skiing 90001 Alpine skier carving a turn 90002 90003 Skiing 90004 is a recreational activity using skis as equipment for traveling over snow. Skis are used in conjunction with boots that connect to the ski with use of a binding. 90005 90002 Skiing can be grouped into two general categories. The older of the two disciplines originated in Scandinavia and uses free-heel bindings that attach at the toes of the skier’s boots but not at the heels. Types of Nordic skiing include cross-country, ski jumping and Telemark.Alpine skiing (more often called «downhill skiing»), originated in the European Alps, and is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier’s boot. 90005 90008 History 90009 Main article: History of skiing 90010 Early history 90011 The Norse goddess Skaði hunts in the mountains on skis in an illustration (1901) by H. L. M. 90002 The earliest people to ski may have been the distant ancestors of the modern day Sami. 90013 [1] 90014 90013 [2] 90014 90013 [3] 90014 One of the early names used for the Sami was skridfinner / scricfinni / scritefinni / σκριθίψινοι, 90013 [4] 90014 which some have translated as «skiing Sami».Pre-historic Nordic people and Sami used skis to assist in hunting, military maneuvers, and as a practical means of transportation. The oldest and most accurately documented evidence of skiing origins is found in modern day Norway and Sweden. The earliest primitive carvings circa 5000 B.C. depict a skier with one pole, located in Rødøy in the Nordland region of Norway. The first primitive ski was found in a peat bog in Hoting, Sweden which dates back to 2500 or 4500 B.C. 90013 [5] 90014 90013 [6] 90014 Joel Berglund reported in 2004 the discovery of a primitive ski, or «85cm long piece of wood», carbon tested by researchers in 1997 while excavating a Norse settlement near Nanortalik, Greenland.The primitive ski dated back to 1010, and is thought to be Greenland’s oldest ski brought by Norsemen circa 980 A.D. 90013 [7] 90014 90005 90002 Other accounts of early Nordic skiing are found with two modern cross-country endurance races in Norway and Sweden. These ski races were inspired by famous historic accounts of early medieval skiing in their respective countries. The oldest account involves the famous story from 1206 A.D. of the Birkebeiners during a civil war in medieval Norway. Considered the underdog, the Birkebeiners were at war against a rival faction known as the baglers.Following the death of the Birkebeiner chief, the baglers feared a rival in his young son Håkon Håkonsson. To protect him, two of the most skillful Birkebeiner skiers, with toddler in tow, skied through treacherous conditions over the mountains from around Lillehammer to safety in Østerdalen valley. Since 1932 Norway’s annual Birkebeinerrennet runs a 54 km (34 mi) cross-country ski race that pays tribute to this historic account. 90013 [8] 90014 90013 [8] 90014 Since 1922 Sweden has run their own ski marathon known as the Vasaloppet.With its longest race at 90 km (56 mi) and finishing in Mora, Sweden, it is known as the world’s longest cross-country ski race. This endurance race commemorates the memory of «freedom fighter» Gustav Vasa and subsequently Swedish independence. Pursued by the Danes in 1520 A.D. (Under order from King Christian of Denmark who controlled Sweden at the time), Gustav Vasa attempted to raise an army against the Danes but was forced to flee by skis northwest toward Norway. Tracked down by Mora’s two best skiers, Gustav returned with them to Mora and led an uprising that eventually overthrew Danish rule.90013 [9] 90014 90005 90002 Skiing is also recorded in Norse mythology, where two deities-the god Ullr and the goddess Skaði-are attested as hunting on skis. One of the world’s oldest references to skiing is by Egil Skallagrimsson’s «950 AD saga describing King Haakon Adalsteinsfostre the Good’s practice of sending his tax collectors out on skis». 90013 [6] 90014 Another one of the oldest written accounts of skiing is by Swedish writer Olaus Magnus in his writings 90039 A Description of the Northern Peoples 90040 in одна тисяча п’ятсот п’ятьдесят п’ять.His accounts record early primitive skiers (presumably the Sami people) and their «climbing skins» in Scricfinnia, a country or region at the top of modern day Norway. 90013 [10] 90014 90013 [11] 90014 Sometime around 1800 A.D. Danish traveler Father Knut Leed made reference in 90039 Geographie 90040 to Norwegian kids «skiing just for the fun of it, being able to pick up a hat dropped on the slope while going at full speed.» 90013 [12] 90014 90005 90002 The word «ski» itself is one of a handful of words Norway has exported to the international community.It comes from the Old Norse word «skíð» which means split piece of wood or firewood. 90013 [13] 90014 90013 [14] 90014 Previously, English speakers considered skiing to be a type of snowshoeing. In regions where loose snow dominates, the indigenous population developed snowshoes that did not slide across the snow, unlike skis. Today’s forms of skiing are the modern extensions of ancient Nordic skiing. Whether it be the Nordic forms of Cross-country skiing (a form of Telemark skiing) and Telemark skiing, Ski mountaineering or Alpine skiing, modern forms of skiing share common threads of origin from the Telemark region in Norway led by Norwegian ski innovator Sondre Norheim .90013 [12] 90014 90005 90010 Modern history 90011 19th century artist depiction of the two Birkebeiners with the Royal infant 90002 Norwegian Sondre Norheim is known as the «father of modern skiing» (the originator of skiing as recreation and sport). 90013 [15] 90014 From the Telemark district of Morgedal, Norway, which is also known as the «cradle of skiing», Norheim created the design templates from which all forms of modern skiing are derived. In 1850 woodcarvers from the Telemark region introduced lighter, thinner, cambered skis.90013 [16] 90014 These developments were accompanied by Norheim’s creation of stiff bindings by fully securing the heel with a strong yet flexible strap made from birch roots. This new binding system enabled the skier to swing, jump and maneuver turns while skiing down hills. 90013 [12] 90014 These were known as «Osier» bindings. 90013 [17] 90014 Morten Lund writes, in his piece outlining the development of Alpine skiing, that «Telemark skiing marked the transition to dynamic control, changing the angle of the ski bottom on the snow and changing the direction of the ski to the line of descent-the basis of technique even today «, thus the necessity for Norheim’s heel binding invention.And as a result, came the «flowering of the world’s first» freestyle «contests-climbing, running, making turns for the fun of it and flying off natural bumps on unprepared snow.» 90013 [12] 90014 90005 Kiandra «Snow Shoe» (Skiing) Carnival, New South Wales, Australia, in 1900. 90002 Alpine ski racing as an organised sport commenced in both America and Australia. The first recreational ski club was formed in тисячі вісімсот шістьдесят одна at Kiandra, Australia, 90013 [18] 90014 where the first documented international downhill carnival was also held.90013 [19] 90014 90005 90002 Another milestone in those years is the ignition of winter tourism in St.Moritz, Graubünden in 1864; 90013 [20] 90014 although doubted that skiing was among their activities, the presence of people for simply leisure reasons in a wintery area was essential for the development of skiing for other than utility reasons. 90005 90002 In 1868 with a couple fellow skiers, Norheim attended the «second annual Centralforeningen (Central Ski Association) open ski competition whose object was to demonstrate skill at descending a particular slope in the city.»90013 [12] 90014 At the competition, Norheim demonstrated groundbreaking techniques that set the ideal benchmarks for skiing in Norway and the European Continent: the arc-like sweep of the» telemark turn «along with the skidded» stem «stop turn (commonly known as the «parallel» stop turn), which was initially known as the «Christiania» turn (original name for modern day Oslo). 90013 [12] 90014 90013 [21] 90014 The «Christiania» came to be known simply as the «Christi» turn with the formalization of ski rules in 1901.90013 [12] 90014 90013 [22] 90014 Both turns, which originated in Telemark, mark the distinction between Telemark and Alpine skiing 90013 [15] 90014 90005 90002 Then in 1870 році, Norheim introduced his adaptive design of the Telemark or «narrow-waisted» ski — «the forerunner of the sidecuts used on skis today.» Skis were narrowed, shortened and the sides curved inwards. 90013 [12] 90014 These refinements greatly facilitated easier ski turns and set «the standard for ski design over the next century.»90013 [12] 90014 By the 1880s, as demand for Norwegian skis increased, changes led to the development of the first laminated skis which began to appear in 1881. These new fangled» hand-crafted «skis were constructed» with an ash sole and pine top «and first exported to Sweden in 1882. 90013 [12] 90014 Also in 1882 році, the first hickory skis appeared in Norway providing for a thinner more flexible ski. Ski development was continued by Norwegian HM Christiansen who constructed the first two- layer laminated ski in 1893 followed by fellow Norwegian Bjørn Ullevoldsaeter’s patented three-layer laminated ski.(Incidentally, this style was also independently developed by George Aaland in Seattle.) 90013 [16] 90014 90005 90002 Collectively, these innovative designs and techniques laid the foundation for all forms of modern skiing and further developments, including one established form of skiing called Slalom by Norheim and his contemporaries in the Telemark region. 90013 [13] 90014 90013 [23] 90014 Slalom, or «slalåm» in Norwegian dialect, is a Norwegian word originating from Morgedal, Norway. «Sla» refers to slope, hill, or smooth surface while «låm» means «track down the slope».90013 [13] 90014 90005 90010 20th century 90011 90002 Although Sondre Norheim had initially invented secure heeled bindings using water-soaked, flexible birch roots, 90013 [17] 90014 the next development came in 1894 from Fritz Huitfeldt who invented a binding with a secure toe iron which allowed the heel to move freely. This became the standard industry binding through the 1930s. 90013 [5] 90014 Retired Austrian school teacher Mathias Zdarsky, like many others at the time (including famed Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen who became the first man to «ski» to the South Pole in 1911), was intrigued by world-renowned Norwegian explorer and Telemark skier Fridtjof Nansen, and his «high-risk expedition» accounts, in the 1890 German translation of Nansen’s book 90039 On Skis Across Greenland 90040.90013 [12] 90014 Inspired by Nansen’s skiing exploits, Zdarsky took up the sport during his retirement by importing Norwegian skis and teaching himself to ski. Incorporating ski techniques from Norway, he developed a ski technique system, known as the «Lilienfeld Method», which he outlined in his 1896 book 90039 Lillienfeld Skilaufer Technik 90040 (originally published as 90039 Lilienfelder Ski lauf-Technik 90040). 90013 [5] 90014 90013 [6] 90014 90013 [23] 90014 His key development, which led to enthusiastic embrace of skiing in the Alps, was the «stem» technique, or what is commonly known is skiing as the «snowplow» technique .This new technique enabled beginners to experience the slopes in a «slow, and controlled manner», beyond the more sophisticated and complicated Norwegian Telemark and Christiania techniques, which limited the slopes to more advanced and skillful skiers. By 1896 року, he was teaching his new methods to large groups of «stem skiers» in Austria. 90013 [6] 90014 90013 [12] 90014 90005 Theodor von Lerch, an Austrian major, teaching skiing to Japanese army as the first experience to Japan at Jōetsu, Niigata on 12 January 1911.90002 In 1908 році, expanding on the developments of this fellow countryman Zdarsky, a young Austrian ski guide by the name of Johannes Schneider entered the scene. With respect to skiing, Johannes (also known as Hannes) is to Austrians as Sondre Norheim and Fridtjof Nansen is to Norwegians. By the 1920s, he had worked to refine Sondre Norheim’s «Christiania» stem christi turn, along with fellow countryman Mathias Zdarsky’s «stem» or «snowplow» technique. He used these Norwegian and Austrian techniques to develop a logical system of ski instruction, a system which began with the easiest snowplow technique, then progressing through to more difficult ski skills.This system formed the basis for Schneider’s formalized Arlberg technique, which is named for his home region, and subsequently set a foundation for professional ski instruction. 90013 [5] 90014 90013 [12] 90014 This system also incorporated a set of ethical standards to the profession of teaching. With this, the Arlberg technique spread and helped make skiing a popular recreational activity. 90013 [23] 90014 90005 90002 The skiing techniques of 19th century Morgedal known as Telemark skiing or «telemarking» underwent a revival in the 1970s.This revival of telemark skiing has been attributed by author Halvor Kleppen to five American skiers from Colorado: Doug Buzzell, Craig Hall, Greg Dalbey, Jack Marcial and Rick Borkovec, who were collectively inspired by Norwegian ski phenomenon and Olympic champion Stein Eriksen and his book 90039 Come Ski With Me 90040. 90013 [24] 90014 90005 90002 The biomechanical principles of alpine skiing were described in тисяча дев’ятсот вісімдесят п’ять by Georg Kassat, professor at Münster University 90005 90008 Types of skiing 90009 Alpine skier running a downhill course 90002 Many different types of skiing are popular, especially in colder climates, and many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Ski Federation (FIS), and other sporting organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association in America. Skiing is most visible to the public during the Winter Olympic Games where it is a major sport. 90005 90002 In skiing’s traditional core regions in the snowy parts of Scandinavia, as well as in places such as Alaska, both recreational and competitive skiing is as likely to refer to the cross-country variants as to the internationally downhill variants. 90005 90002 Skiing techniques are difficult to master, and accordingly there are ski schools that teach everything from the basics of turning and stopping safely to more advanced carving, racing, mogul or «bump» skiing and newer freestyle techniques.There are two primary types of downhill skiing — «telemark» and «alpine.» 90005 90002 For beginning skiers learning under a trained instructor, skiing speeds are low, the terrain is not steep and is often well-manicured, and the risks are relatively low. For extreme skiers, testing their expert abilities against ever more challenging terrain, the risks may be much higher. 90005 90010 Alpine skiing 90011 90002 Alpine skiing is also called downhill skiing. Typically, downhill skiing takes place at a ski resort with specified ski pistes or ski runs.Ski resorts that offer downhill skiing exist all over the world in cold climate areas. Non-competitive alpine skiing is recreational skiing. Also in the category of Alpine skiing are the competitions known as Slalom, Giant Slalom (GS), Super-G (Super Giant Slalom) and Downhill. 90005 90010 Freestyle skiing 90011 90002 90003 Alpine Freestyle: 90004 This kind of skiing employs the use of aerial acrobatics and balance, balance being necessary for rails. The use of rails is known as grinding or jibbing.Alpine freestyle was pioneered by Stein Eriksen in 1962. It developed in the 1970s into a style called Hotdogging. In this type of skiing, skiers use jumps (also called kickers or launches) or rails to do aerial tricks. These tricks are reinvented and progressed in technique and style every day. 90013 [25] 90014 90005 90002 90003 Freestyle / Newschool: 90004 Freestyle skiing is the type of skiing with which tricks are usually associated. The skis used are generally of a twin tip design, made to land switch tricks (backwards) as easily as forwards.Tricks are generally spins and flips, that can be conjoined with a grabbing of the ski to improve the image of the trick. Freestyle skiing generally takes place in terrain parks at ski resorts, with a wide variety of jumps, rails, jibs and other features to session. Mogul skiing is also considered as freestyle skiing. 90005 90002 90003 Freeskiing / Freeride 90004 Related to freestyle skiing in nature is freeriding, which involves taking the tricks done in the park to the rest of the mountain and the backcountry.Thus, fatter skis may be used to float on top of the powder. Freeriding often involves steeps, cliffs, powder, glades, and other epic runs. In part due to the growing popularity of freestyle skiing in recent years and the obvious limitations in that aspect of the sport, freeride skiing has also been growing in popularity in recent years as more and more skiers have access to good backcountry gear and skis. 90005 90010 Nordic skiing 90011 Cross country skiing: Priit Narusk in the qualification for the Tour de Ski in Prague.Cross country skiing: Skiing tracks in snow in mountains in Sarek, Sweden. 90002 Nordic skiing is also called Cross-country skiing or Cross-country racing. The name distinguishes it from Alpine skiing.Typically after donning appropriate clothing, the skier goes outside and skis in a local park or even on a snowy street. Nordic skiing is the oldest form of skiing and was developed in Scandinavia as a way of travelling in the winter. Telemark skiing refers to skiing downhill on nordic skiis.90005 90002 ‘Nordic jumping, also called ski-flying and ski jumping, is a competition in which skiers glide down a long ramp before becoming airborne. This is done with Nordic style skis, meaning that the heels of boot and binding are detached from the ski. The skis are much longer and wider than other types of skis and jumping is typically done without ski-poles. 90005 90010 Military skiing 90011 90002 90003 Military Skiing: 90004 In addition to its role in recreation and sport, skiing is also used as a means of transport by the military, and many armies train troops for ski warfare.Ski troops played a key role in retaining Finnish independence from Russia during the Winter War, and from Germany during the Lapland War, although the use of ski troops was recorded by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus in the 13th century. The sport of Biathlon was developed from military skiing patrols. 90005 90010 Other types 90011 Champion dry slope racer 90002 90003 Kite skiing 90004 is skiing done while being pulled or carried by a parasail, hang glider, or kite. 90005 90002 90003 Water skiing 90004 is done on water and is where a skier is pulled by a rope attached to a boat, generally a speed boat, and the speed and which the skier is going allows him or her to skim or ski across the water.Water skiing is also sometimes done with only one ski or sometimes no skis at all. 90005 90002 90003 Paraskiing 90004 is accomplished either by jumping from a plane or starting from a high altitude on the ground (i.e. — from a mountaintop). Once the parachute is deployed, it is used heavily for steering. Paraskiing has been a competition sport for years, and can be scored for such things as speed and slalom accuracy. This is very different from kite-skiing, as gravity is the sole means of propulsion, rather than wind, thermals, or motors.90005 90002 90003 Backcountry skiing: 90004 Also see ski touring. 90003 Randonnée: 90004 See also ski touring, backcountry skiing. 90005 90002 90003 Skijoring 90004, also called Euro-style mushing, is skiing while being pulled by an animal (s), typically dogs or horses, or by snow machine. 90005 90002 90003 Dry Slope Skiing 90004: This is skiing on artificial or dry snow, or dirt. Dry slope skiing is a year-round sport in countries like the UK where the snow cover is insufficient for traditional skiing.There is a thriving race programme on British slopes. [4] 90005 90002 90003 Adaptive skiing 90004 is skiing done by individuals with physical disabilities. Adaptations to standard ski equipment or accompaniment by a non-disabled guide has enabled individuals with amputations, spinal injuries, TBI, deafness and visual impairments to ski, and in some cases, even race. The venue, speed and technical difficulty associated with the sport can lead to collisions, accidents, hypothermia and other injury or illness, occasionally including death.Regional Ski Patrol organizations, such as the National Ski Patrol in the U.S., exist as a voluntary organization to provide guidance, help, medical assistance and emergency rescue to those in need of it. 90005 90008 Skiing competition 90009 90002 Skiing competition is organized by the International Ski Federation, which is responsible for development of rules and scheduling of competitions worldwide in alpine skiing, cross country skiing, freestyle skiing, Nordic combined and ski jumping. Competition is managed in each country by its national association.The U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association is responsible for competitive skiing in America. 90005 90008 Skiing for people with disabilities 90009 A person without the use of his legs learning to ski on a sit-ski, using two outriggers. 90002 Skiing for people with disabilities became popular after World War II with the return of injured veterans. 90013 [90039 citation needed 90040] 90014 It is both a recreational pastime and a competitive sport open to those with any manner of cognitive and / or physical disabilities.Adaptations include the use of outriggers, ski tip retention devices, sit-skis like monoskis and bi-skis, brightly colored guide bibs, ski guides, and inter-skier communication systems or audible clues for blind skiers. A guide skier can assist the sit-skier from behind, this is known as «bucketing». 90005 90002 Recreational skiing programs for people with disabilities exist at mountains across the globe. 90005 90002 Currently the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the International Ski Federation (FIS) sanction a number of regional, national, and international disabled skiing events, most notably a World Cup circuit, a Disabled Alpine Skiing World Championships, and the Paralympic Winter Games .One of the strongest disabled programs is the U.S. Disabled Ski Team, organized by the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association and the U.S. Ski Team. 90005 90008 Risks of injury 90009 90002 In alpine skiing, there are around three injuries per thousand skiing days. 90013 [26] 90014 90013 [27] 90014 Knee injuries are most common, 90013 [28] 90014 but broken bones and death are possible. Ski helmets, once used only by racers, are now in common use by all classes and ages of skier. 90005 90008 Gallery 90009 90258 90259 90260 90259 90260 90259 90260 90259 90260 90259 90002 Nanshan Ski Village, China 90005 90260 90259 90260 90259 90260 90259 90260 90259 90002 Dombai ski resort, Russia 90005 90260 90281 90008 See also 90009 90002 Main article: Outline of skiing 90005 90008 Notes 90009 90008 References 90009 90008 External links 90009 .90000 DOWNHILL SKIING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary 90001 Thus, concern should be expressed when asked for advice concerning participation in sports (hang gliding, 90002 downhill 90003 90002 skiing 90003, hockey and horseback riding for example) where abdominal trauma is frequent. He enjoys 90002 downhill 90003 90002 skiing 90003, playing ice hockey and is an avid marathon runner.From 90010 Wikipedia 90011 90012 This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. 90010 These examples are from the Cambridge English Corpus and from sources on the web.Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. 90011 90010 More examples Fewer examples 90011 Precourt and his wife enjoy golfing, 90002 downhill 90003 90002 skiing 90003, and flying light aircraft.From 90010 Wikipedia 90011 90012 This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In the winter, the park is also used for 90002 downhill 90003 90002 skiing 90003, snowboarding, and cross-country skiing.From 90010 Wikipedia 90011 90012 This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Several hotels are used by tourists who come to ski in the mountain or in the 90002 downhill 90003 90002 skiing 90003 park.From 90010 Wikipedia 90011 90012 This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. There are excellent conditions for both cross-country and 90002 downhill 90003 90002 skiing 90003 here.From 90010 Wikipedia 90011 90012 This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. 90010 The city is a popular destination for hiking and winter sports, especially 90002 downhill 90003 90002 skiing 90003.90011.